社会水文学研究进展

社会水文学是水文学和自然、社会、人文的交叉学科,主要探究人-水耦合系统的双向互馈方式及其协同进化的动态机理,并着力解决当今人类所面临的水资源可持续利用等问题.本文从社会水文学的产生背景与形成过程入手,介绍了社会水文学的基本概念,总结了其学科特点;从人-水耦合系统中的权衡、水资源管理中的利益关系、人-水耦合系统中的虚拟水研究三方面论述了社会水文学的主要研究内容,并辨析了其与传统水文学、生态水文学和水文社会学的区别与联系;最后从完善学科内容、深化定量研究、注重社会水文学中的尺度研究、社会水文学与生态水文学的融合等方面对社会水文学的发展前景进行了展望,以期推动我国社会水文学研究的发展.     

可持续生计框架下连片特困区发展机理——以宁夏限制开发生态区为例

生计资本与农户收支有着密切关系,决定农户的生计策略,影响区域的发展机理与发展模式.基于参与式农村评估和数理统计方法,分民族、地形、农户类型对宁夏限制开发生态区农户生计资本与农户收支状况进行定量评估,创建农户非农性指数,揭示生计资本与农户收支和非农性指数的关系,结合研究区实际对农户可持续生计进行研究,探讨区域发展机理.结果表明: 研究区农户生计资本量整体偏低,其中,回族略高于汉族、川道农户高于山地农户、兼业户和非农业户显著高于农业户;区域发展与非农性指数和人力、物质等资本显著正相关,与自然资本显著负相关,需着力提升农户的非农性指数和人力、物质等资本量,同时引导农户对农业生产资料进行流转,促进自然资本两极分化.     

Decoupling Analysis of the Environmental Mountain—with Case Studies from China

The resource‐development trajectory of developed countries after the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries can be portrayed as an “environmental mountain” (EM). It is important for developing countries to decouple their resource use from economic growth and tunnel through the EM. In this study, we embedded the decoupling indicators for resource use and waste emissions into EM curves to quantify China's progress in tunneling through the EM over a specific time period. Five case studies regarding the conditions required for decoupling energy consumption, crude steel production, cement production, CO₂ emissions, and SO₂ emissions from economic growth in China were conducted. The results indicated that during 1985–2010 the trajectories of energy consumption, and CO₂ and SO₂ emissions in China met the requirements for tunneling through the EM, but the trajectories of cement and steel production did not. Based on these results, suggestions regarding China's environmental policies are provided to enable the country to tunnel through the EM.     

Nitrogen yield advantage from grass–legume mixtures is robust over a wide range of legume proportions and environmental conditions

Current challenges to global food security require sustainable intensification of agriculture through initiatives that include more efficient use of nitrogen (N), increased protein self‐sufficiency through homegrown crops, and reduced N losses to the environment. Such challenges were addressed in a continental‐scale field experiment conducted over 3 years, in which the amount of total nitrogen yield (N_tot) and the gain of N yield in mixtures as compared to grass monocultures (N_gainmix) was quantified from four‐species grass–legume stands with greatly varying legume proportions. Stands consisted of monocultures and mixtures of two N₂‐fixing legumes and two nonfixing grasses. The amount of N_tot of mixtures was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than that of grass monocultures at the majority of evaluated sites in all 3 years. N_tot and thus N_gainmix increased with increasing legume proportion up to one‐third of legumes. With higher legume percentages, N_tot and N_gainmix did not continue to increase. Thus, across sites and years, mixtures with one‐third proportion of legumes attained ~95% of the maximum N_tot acquired by any stand and had 57% higher N_tot than grass monocultures. Realized legume proportion in stands and the relative N gain in mixture (N_gainmix/N_tot in mixture) were most severely impaired by minimum site temperature (R = 0.70, P = 0.003 for legume proportion; R = 0.64, P = 0.010 for N_gainmix/N_tot in mixture). Nevertheless, the relative N gain in mixture was not correlated to site productivity (P = 0.500), suggesting that, within climatic restrictions, balanced grass–legume mixtures can benefit from comparable relative gains in N yield across largely differing productivity levels. We conclude that the use of grass–legume mixtures can substantially contribute to resource‐efficient agricultural grassland systems over a wide range of productivity levels, implying important savings in N fertilizers and thus greenhouse gas emissions and a considerable potential for climate change mitigation.     

Solid Biomass Climate Change Interventions Examined in a Context of Inherent Safety,Media Shifting,and Emerging Risks

ABSTRACT

This article examines recent evidence from Denmark and abroad regarding climate change projects that aim to reduce global carbon dioxide emissions by converting coal-fired thermal power plants to solid biomass fuel. The article argues that projects appear to be pursued narrow-mindedly with insufficient attention paid to safety and points to evidence of media shifting—that the “resolution” of a problem within the environmental domain creates a new problem in the workplace safety domain. From the perspective of inherent safety the article argues that the conversion is a step in the wrong direction as a low risk fuel is substituted for a less safe one. Because of rapid scale-up and handling of unprecedented quantities, solid biomass qualify as an emerging risk for which proper control strategies have yet to be developed. The article finally argues that the tendency to prioritize environmental benefits over safety concerns seems to run deep and not confined to the realm of only solid biomass. Danish environmental ambitions are very high and the costs to society of introducing solid biomass fuels are breathtaking. In this setting, the general failure to address safety risks appears particularly disheartening.     

新疆巴州药用植物资源及其利用与保护

由于地理环境及生态条件的复杂多样性,新疆巴州孕育了丰富而独特的植物资源。本文对新疆巴州药用植物资源的概况进行了介绍,并分析了在开发利用中出现的问题,提出了对药用植物资源进行可持续开发利用的具体措施。     

采矿废弃地的生态恢复与可持续景观设计

采矿废弃地是剧烈人为干扰下的一种特殊景观类型 ,其生态系统结构与功能退化严重 ,同时其使用功能和美学价值被破坏。通过生态恢复和重建促使采矿废弃地的生态和经济价值再生 ,并通过景观设计赋予利用和美学的价值 ,对区域生态系统的健康、地方经济可持续发展以及人民的生活水平具有十分重要的意义。通过分析采矿废弃地的景观生态特征和环境影响 ,对生态恢复与重建的各种工程与生物措施以及可持续利用途径进行综述 ,并通过介绍和分析国内外一些案例 ,进而对采矿废弃地景观设计的基本原则进行总结。     

Industrial Recycling Networks as Starting Points for Broader Sustainability‐Oriented Cooperation?

Closing loops by intercompany recycling of by‐products is a core theme of industrial ecology (IE). This article considers whether industrial recycling networks or industrial symbiosis projects can be used as a starting point for much broader intercompany cooperation for sustainable development. Evidence presented is based on the results of an empirical investigation of the recycling network Styria in Austria, the recycling network Oldenburger Münsterland in Germany, and the manufacturing sector in Austria. Statistical analysis shows that the percentage of by‐products that are passed on to other companies for recycling purposes is not higher in member companies of the recycling networks than in the other companies of the manufacturing sector in Austria. In terms of cooperation, the relationships with the respective recycling partners are found to be very similar to regular customer relations. Furthermore, the companies of the recycling networks remain unaware of the network to which they belong. Instead, one of the main findings of this study is that intercompany recycling activities are regarded by the company representatives as bilateral market transactions, not as collaborative network activities. This has potentially significant implications for the use of industrial symbiosis networks as starting points for sustainability networks with broader cooperation toward sustainability. The findings raise interesting questions as to whether such broader cooperation might result from a conscious planning process or might emerge largely spontaneously as part of normal market coordination. In any case, intercompany recycling is clearly considered to be a very important field of collaborative action for sustainability in industry.     

西双版纳社区村民对亚洲象保护廊道建设的认知与态度

采用条件价值评估法(CVM),2007年11月至2008年3月,调查分析了地处西双版纳的2条亚洲象保护廊道内5个村寨196户村民对廊道建设的认知与态度.结果表明：研究区80.61%的村民愿意有条件地支持廊道建设;影响村民支持意愿的因素包括村民的文化程度、人均年收入以及村民就亚洲象保护、人象关系、廊道利用方式和受益群体的认知;该区村民对亚洲象的保护意识、廊道的利用方式和受益群体对村民支持意愿的影响较大,其影响系数分别为0.231、0.236和-0.304.拥有土地使用权的社区村民在生物保护廊道建设中扮演着重要角色,有效的廊道设计与规划必须深入了解社区村民对生物保护廊道的认知和态度,并获得他们的支持和参与.